Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries

Arts & Music

37

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Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Italy

7 December 1598 – 28 November 1680 (81 years old)

Titan of Roman Baroque art who transformed cold marble into supple flesh and fluttering silk in Apollo and Daphne and The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, and designed St. Peter's Square colosseum-colonnade.

Rome, Italy

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Religion

2

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Kateri Tekakwitha

Tekakwitha

United States

1656 – 1680 (24 years old)

First Indigenous North American woman canonized as a Roman Catholic saint, revered for her ascetic piety, devotion, and compassion at Kahnawake.

Kahnawake, Canada

2 Full Record →

Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

34

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Shivaji Bhonsle

छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज

India

1630 – 1680 (50 years old)

Legendary Indian warrior king who founded the Maratha Empire, pioneered guerrilla warfare (Ganimi Kava), built naval fortresses establishing the Indian Navy, and was crowned Chhatrapati in 1674.

Raigad (Maharashtra), India

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

45

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Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (Founder of the Maratha Empire)

छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज

India

19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680 (50 years old)

Visionary 17th-century Indian warrior-king and Chhatrapati who carved the Maratha Empire out of the declining Adilshahi Sultanate and Mughal dominance. Championed Hindavi Swarajya (self-rule), religious tolerance, and naval coastal defense.

Raigad Fort, India

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Sciences & Discovery

31

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Jan Swammerdam

Jan Swammerdam

Netherlands

1637 – 1680 (43 years old)

Dutch pioneer of microscopic anatomy who discovered red blood cells in 1658, proved that muscles contract without changing volume, and revolutionized zoology by disproving spontaneous generation and classifying insect metamorphosis.

Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Religion

4

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Abu Muhammad Abd al-Qadir ibn Ali al-Fasi

عبد القادر بن علي الفاسي

Morocco

1599 – 1680 (81 years old)

Foremost 17th-century Moroccan Hadith traditionist and spiritual reformer who revived prophetic studies in Morocco and established the renowned Zawiya Fasiya in the Qalqashandiyyin quarter of Fez.

Fez, Morocco

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Philosophy & Thought

45

🕯️ 750

Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury

Thomas Hobbes

Great Britain

5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679 (91 years old)

English political philosopher whose Leviathan founded modern social contract theory, warning that life without sovereign authority is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'.

Hardwick Hall (Derbyshire), Great Britain

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Arts & Music

35

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Jan Havickszoon Steen

Jan Havickszoon Steen

Netherlands

c. 1626 – 1679 (53 years old)

Dutch Golden Age master painter whose lively, humorous tavern and chaotic domestic scenes became so legendary that 'a Jan Steen household' became an enduring Dutch proverb.

Leiden, Netherlands

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Art

2

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Jacob Jordaens

Jacob Jordaens

Belgium

1593 – 1678 (85 years old)

One of the triumvirate of Flemish Baroque painting alongside Rubens and Anthony van Dyck, celebrated for boisterous peasant feasts, monumental mythological canvases, and vibrant biblical scenes.

Putte (Woensdrecht), Netherlands

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Literature & Poetry

33

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Andrew Marvell

Andrew Marvell

Great Britain

1621 – 1678 (57 years old)

English metaphysical poet, parliamentarian, and satirist celebrated for 'To His Coy Mistress', 'The Garden', and defending John Milton after the Restoration.

London, United Kingdom

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Resistance & Human Rights

39

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Ganga Zumba

Ganga Zumba

Angola

c. 1630 – c. 1678 (~48 years old)

First recorded supreme leader of the Quilombo dos Palmares, the largest autonomous fugitive slave community in colonial Brazil.

Uniao dos Palmares, Brazil

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Philosophy & Thought

39

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Baruch Spinoza (Benedictus de Spinoza)

בָּרוּךְ שְׂפִּינוֹזָה / Benedictus de Spinoza

Germany

24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677 (44 years old)

Jewish-Dutch philosopher of radical brilliance whose Ethics set forth a pantheistic monism identifying God with Nature (Deus sive Natura), laying the foundation for modern secular democracy.

The Hague, Germany

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Politics

2

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Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve

Paul de Chomedey, sieur de Maisonneuve

France

1612 – 1676 (64 years old)

Devout military officer who in 1642 led the expedition that founded Ville-Marie (Montreal), governing the vulnerable frontier colony through twenty-three perilous years of Iroquois warfare.

Paris (Memorial in Montreal), France

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Resistance & Human Rights

30

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Metacomet

Metacomet

United States

c. 1638 – 1676 (~38 years old)

Paramount Sachem of the Wampanoag who led King Philip's War, the most devastating armed resistance against English colonial expansion in seventeenth-century New England.

Bristol, United States

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Literature & Poetry

4

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Saeb Tabrizi

صائب تبریزی

Iran

1592 – 1676 (84 years old)

Master poet of Safavid Isfahan and Mughal India, supreme practitioner of the 'Indian Style' celebrated for his ingenious proverbs in verse.

Isfahan, Iran

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Prophets & Divine Messengers

56

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Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji (Hind Di Chadar)

ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦੁਰ

India

1 April 1621 – 11 November 1675 (54 years old)

Ninth Sikh Guru who laid down his life in Delhi to protect the religious freedom of Kashmiri Hindus facing forced conversion. Revered across civilizations as "Hind Di Chadar" (The Shield of India and Humanity).

Chandni Chowk (Delhi), India

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Military Leaders & Strategists

37

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Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne

Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne

France

1611 – 1675 (63 years old)

Marshal General of France under Louis XIV praised by Napoleon as the greatest French military genius, master of operational maneuver and the Winter Campaign of 1674.

Paris, France

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Politics

4

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Murad II Bey

مراد الثاني باي

Tunisia

c. 1635 AD – 1675 AD (~40 years old)

Muradid Bey of Tunis (1666–1675) who restored the ancient Roman aqueduct of Zaghouan to bring fresh spring water to Tunis and founded the Medersa Mouradia.

Tunis, Tunisia

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