Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries

Sciences & Discovery

10

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Vladimir Arnold

Владимир Игоревич Арнольд

Ukraine

1937 – 2010 (72 years old)

Soviet-Russian mathematical genius celebrated for the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) theorem in dynamical systems and deep insights across classical mechanics and singularity theory.

Moscow, Russia

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Sciences & Discovery

10

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Vitaly Sevastyanov

Виталий Иванович Севастьянов

Russia

1935 – 2010 (74 years old)

Soviet cosmonaut and aerospace engineer who spent 80 days in space across two missions (Soyuz 9 and Soyuz 18/Salyut 4) and later served as President of the Soviet Chess Federation.

Moscow, Russia

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Sciences & Discovery

11

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James Whyte Black

James Whyte Black

Great Britain

1924 – 2010 (85 years old)

Scottish pharmacologist who developed propranolol (the first beta-blocker) and cimetidine (the first H2 receptor antagonist), winning the 1988 Nobel Prize.

London, United Kingdom

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Sciences & Discovery

10

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Marshall Warren Nirenberg

Marshall Warren Nirenberg

United States

1927 – 2010 (82 years old)

American biochemist and geneticist who shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for breaking the genetic code and showing how RNA translates DNA into proteins.

New York City, United States

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Sciences & Discovery

2

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Dr. Mustapha Laliam

الدكتور مصطفى لعلام

Algeria

1928 – 2009 (80 years old)

Distinguished physician and neurobiologist who joined the ALN maquis in 1956, organized surgical networks across Kabylia, and pioneered neurology in independent Algeria.

Algiers, Algeria

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Sciences & Discovery

11

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Ali Fahmi Khousham

علي فهمي خشيم

Libya

1936 – 2008 (72 years old)

Distinguished Libyan linguist, philologist, and lexicographer who served as President of the Academy of the Arabic Language in Tripoli and authored over thirty comparative linguistic dictionaries.

Tripoli, Libya

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Sciences & Discovery

4,682

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Arthur C. Clarke

Sir Arthur Charles Clarke

Great Britain

1917 – 2008 (90 years old)

British science and aerospace visionary who conceptualized geostationary satellite communications and co-created 2001: A Space Odyssey.

Borella, Colombo, Sri Lanka

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Sciences & Discovery

2

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Mahfoud Kaddache

محفوظ قداش

Algeria

1921 – 2006 (85 years old)

The foremost academic historian of the Algerian National Movement, whose monumental two-volume study 'Histoire du nationalisme algérien' is the bedrock text on the rise of the revolution.

Algiers, Algeria

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Sciences & Discovery

28

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Ernst Mayr

Ernst Walter Mayr

Germany

1904 – 2005 (100 years old)

German-American evolutionary biologist hailed as the 'Darwin of the 20th Century', who formulated the Biological Species Concept in 1942, proved allopatric speciation through geographic isolation, and authored 'Systematics and the Origin of Species'.

Cambridge (Massachusetts), United States

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Sciences & Discovery

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Bernard Katz

Sir Bernard Katz

Germany

1911 – 2003 (92 years old)

German-born British biophysicist who was awarded the 1970 Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovering that neurotransmitters are released at synapses in discrete packets or 'quanta' via calcium-mediated synaptic vesicles.

London, United Kingdom

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Sciences & Discovery

1

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Dr. Nefissa Hamoud (Mrs. Pacha)

الدكتورة نفيسة حمود (باشا)

Algeria

1924 – 2002 (78 years old)

Pioneering woman physician of the ALN in Wilaya 3 (Kabylie), who performed surgical operations in mountain caves and became President of the Algerian Red Crescent.

Algiers, Algeria

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Sciences & Discovery

22

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Cesar Milstein

César Milstein

Argentina

1927 – 2002 (74 years old)

Argentine biochemist who developed hybridoma technology to produce monoclonal antibodies, a revolutionary medical breakthrough awarded the 1984 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Cambridge, United Kingdom

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Sciences & Discovery

1,230

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Christiaan Barnard

Christiaan Neethling Barnard

South Africa

1922 – 2001 (78 years old)

South African cardiac surgeon who performed the world's first successful human-to-human heart transplant in 1967.

Beaufort West, Western Cape, South Africa

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Sciences & Discovery

2,131

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Fred Hoyle

Sir Fred Hoyle

Great Britain

1915 – 2001 (86 years old)

Visionary English astrophysicist who explained stellar nucleosynthesis of chemical elements and coined the term 'Big Bang'.

Leicester, United Kingdom

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Sciences & Discovery

31

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Nikolay Basov

Николай Геннадиевич Басов

Soviet Union

1922 – 2001 (78 years old)

Soviet physicist who co-invented the maser and laser principles through quantum electronics, awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics alongside Aleksandr Prokhorov and Charles Townes.

Moscow, Russia

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Sciences & Discovery

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Claude Shannon

Claude Elwood Shannon

United States

30 April 1916 – 24 February 2001 (84 years old)

American mathematician and engineer who unified Boolean algebra with electrical circuits to create digital circuit design, and single-handedly founded mathematical Information Theory and the 'bit'.

Medford (Massachusetts), United States

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Sciences & Discovery

2,977

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Glenn T. Seaborg

Glenn Theodore Seaborg

United States

1912 – 1999 (86 years old)

American nuclear chemist who co-discovered plutonium and nine other transuranic elements, winning the 1951 Nobel Prize.

El Cerrito, California, United States

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Sciences & Discovery

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Alan Hodgkin

Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin

Great Britain

1914 – 1998 (84 years old)

English biophysicist who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Medicine alongside Andrew Huxley for discovering the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central parts of the nerve cell membrane.

Cambridge, United Kingdom

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