Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries

Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Henry V of England

Henry of Monmouth

Great Britain

1386 – 1422 (35 years old)

Warrior King of England celebrated for his legendary victory against overwhelming odds at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.

London, United Kingdom

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Margaret I of Denmark (Margrete I)

Margrete Valdemarsdatter

Denmark

c. 1353 – 1412 (59 years old)

Master Scandinavian queen who created the Kalmar Union in 1397, uniting the three Nordic kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

Roskilde, Zealand, Denmark

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Barquq

الظاهر برقوق

Russia

1339 CE – June 20, 1399 CE (60 years old)

Circassian military commander who founded the Burji (Circassian) Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt in 1382, courageously defying the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) and constructing one of the finest architectural complexes on Al-Mu'izz Street.

Northern Cemetery, Cairo, Egypt

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Hongwu Emperor

明太祖 (朱元璋)

China

1328 – 1398 (69 years old)

Founder of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1398) Zhu Yuanzhang, who rose from an orphaned beggar and Buddhist novice monk to lead the Red Turban rebellion that expelled the Mongol Yuan dynasty from China, restoring native Han rule.

Nanjing (Jiangsu), China

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang)

明太祖 朱元璋 (Zhu Yuanzhang)

China

1328 – 1398 (69 years old)

Peasant monk who rose to lead the Red Turban Rebellion, drove out the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, and founded the native Chinese Ming Dynasty.

Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Abu Hammu Musa II

أبو حمو موسى الثاني

Spain

1323 – 1389 (66 years old)

Warrior sultan, gifted poet, and philosopher-king of the Zayyanid dynasty who restored the Kingdom of Tlemcen and authored the renowned mirror-for-princes Wasitat al-Suluk.

Tlemcen, Algeria

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Abu Hammou Moussa II

أبو حمو موسى الثاني

Spain

1323 – 1389 (66 years old)

Zayyanid Sultan of Tlemcen, patron of arts and letters, celebrated poet, and author of the political treatise 'Wasitat al-Suluk', who restored Tlemcen's glory after Marinid occupations.

Tlemcen, Algeria

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Hayam Wuruk

Hayam Wuruk (Sri Rajasanagara)

Indonesia

1334 – 1389 (55 years old)

Fourth monarch of the Majapahit Empire whose reign alongside Prime Minister Gajah Mada represented the golden age of Indonesian maritime unity and classical Javanese culture.

Nganjuk (East Java), Indonesia

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Hayam Wuruk (Sri Rajasanagara / Emperor of Majapahit)

Hayam Wuruk (Śrī Rājasanagara)

Indonesia

c. 1334 CE – c. 1389 CE (55 years old)

Fourth monarch of the Majapahit Empire who, alongside Prime Minister Gajah Mada, guided Java to its golden age, uniting the entire Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) from Sumatra to Papua under the national motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" (Unity in Diversity).

Trowulan, Indonesia

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Edward III of England

Edward of Windsor

Great Britain

1312 – 1377 (64 years old)

Plantagenet King whose fifty-year reign transformed England into a supreme military power and launched the Hundred Years' War.

London, United Kingdom

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Casimir III the Great (Kazimierz Wielki)

Kazimierz III Wielki

Poland

1310 – 1370 (60 years old)

Last Piast King of Poland who doubled the country's size, founded Jagiellonian University, and protected Jewish refugees across Europe.

Kraków, Poland

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Gajah Mada

Gajah Mada

Indonesia

c. 1290 CE – c. 1364 CE (74 years old)

Legendary prime minister (Mahapatih) of the Majapahit Empire who took the famous Sumpah Palapa (Palapa Oath) in 1336, vowing to taste no earthly pleasures until unifying the Nusantara archipelago.

Probolinggo (East Java), Indonesia

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Abu Inan Faris

أبو عنان فارس المتوكل

Morocco

1329 – 1358 (29 years old)

Great Marinid Sultan of Morocco who unified the Maghreb under Moroccan rule, built the architectural marvels of the Bou Inania Madrasas in Fez and Meknes, and commissioned Ibn Battuta's travelogue.

Rabat, Morocco

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman

أبو الحسن علي بن عثمان المريني

Morocco

1297 – 1348 (51 years old)

Most formidable Marinid Sultan of Morocco, known as the 'Black Sultan', who unified Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia under his scepter, constructed the royal necropolis of Chellah, and transcribed the Quran in his own calligraphy.

Rabat, Morocco

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Al-Nasir Muhammad

الناصر محمد بن قلاوون

Egypt

March 24, 1285 CE – June 7, 1341 CE (56 years old)

Celebrated Mamluk Sultan whose third reign (1310-1341) represented the golden zenith of Mamluk Egypt, characterized by unprecedented economic affluence, massive urbanization, and decisive military victory over the Mongol Ilkhanate at Marj al-Saffar.

Cairo, Egypt

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Abu Tashfin I

أبو تاشفين الأول

Algeria

1293 – 1337 (~44 years old)

Zayyanid Sultan of Tlemcen who transformed his capital into an architectural marvel, founding the famed Tashfiniya Madrasa and defending the city during the Marinid siege.

Tlemcen, Algeria

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Abu Said Uthman II

أبو سعيد عثمان بن يعقوب

Morocco

1276 – 1331 (54 years old)

Marinid Sultan of Morocco (1310–1331) who transformed Fez into the architectural masterpiece of North Africa, founding the famed Al-Attarine and Sahrij madrasas.

Rabat, Morocco

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Robert I of Scotland (Robert the Bruce)

Roibert a Briuis (Robert de Brus)

Scotland

1274 – 1329 (54 years old)

Hero King of Scotland who liberated his nation from English dominion and secured independence at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.

Dunfermline, Fife, United Kingdom

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