Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries

Sciences & Discovery

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Ibn al-Nafis (Ala al-Din al-Qurashi)

ابن النفيس (علاء الدين علي بن أبي الحزم)

Syria

1213 CE – 17 December 1288 (75 years old)

Syrian-Egyptian physician and chief of Cairo's hospital who discovered pulmonary transit (lesser blood circulation) 300 years before William Harvey and Michael Servetus, refuting Galen.

Cairo, Egypt

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

15

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Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq

أبو يوسف يعقوب بن عبد الحق المريني

Morocco

1212 – 1286 (74 years old)

Greatest Marinid Sultan of Morocco (1258–1286) who founded the imperial palace city of Fes Jdid (1276), built the royal pantheon at Chellah, and led four military expeditions to defend the Kingdom of Granada.

Rabat, Morocco

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Politics

5

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Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I al-Mustansir

أبو إسحاق إبراهيم بن أبي زكرياء

Tunisia

c. 1235 AD – 1284 AD (~49 years old)

Hafsid ruler of Tunis (1279–1283 AD) who took power with Catalan-Aragonese mercenary support, developing diplomatic ties across the western Mediterranean.

Tunis, Tunisia

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

34

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Yaghmurasen ibn Zyan

يغمراسن بن زيان

Algeria

1206 – 1283 (77 years old)

Astute Zenata Berber statesman who founded the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen in 1236, fortified the Mechouar palace, and defended Algerian regional sovereignty against Marinid and Hafsid rivals for nearly half a century.

Tlemcen, Algeria

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Religious Figures & Theologians

32

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Nichiren

日蓮

Japan

1222 – 1282 (60 years old)

Fiery Kamakura reformer and founder of Nichiren Buddhism who declared the Lotus Sutra the supreme teaching and established the chanting of 'Namu Myoho Renge Kyo' for personal and national peace.

Mount Minobu, Japan

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Science

6

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Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Marrakushi

أبو الحسن علي المراكشي

Morocco

c. 1210 – 1282 (~72 years old)

Extraordinary Moroccan astronomer and mathematician whose landmark treatise on spherical astronomy, astrolabes, and sundials was the most comprehensive practical astronomical manual in the medieval Islamic world.

Marrakech, Morocco

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Religious Figures & Theologians

38

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Mechthild of Magdeburg

Mechthild von Magdeburg

Germany

c. 1207 – c. 1282 (75 years old)

Beguine mystic and visionary poet whose 'The Flowing Light of the Godhead' pioneered vernacular German mystical literature, expressing ecstatic Bridal Mysticism.

Eisleben, Germany

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Religious Figures & Theologians

31

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Albertus Magnus

Albertus Magnus

Germany

c. 1200 – 1280 (80 years old)

Dominican polymath, Bishop of Regensburg, and Doctor of the Church who introduced Aristotelian science to medieval Europe and mentored Thomas Aquinas.

Cologne, Germany

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Prophets & Divine Messengers

6

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Abu Zakariya Yahya II al-Wathiq

أبو زكرياء يحيى الواثق

Tunisia

1249 AD – 1280 AD (31 years old)

Hafsid Caliph (1277–1279 AD) who succeeded his illustrious father al-Mustansir, remembered as a cultivated patron of Andalusian poets and calligraphers.

Tunis, Tunisia

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Religious Figures & Theologians

35

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Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi

يحيى بن شرف النووي

Syria

1233 – 1277 (44 years old)

Renowned Shafi'i jurist, traditionist, and ascetic author of 'The Forty Hadith', 'Riyad al-Salihin', and 'Al-Majmu', who fearlessly challenged Sultan Baibars for the rights of the poor.

Nawa, Syria

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Military Leaders & Strategists

40

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Baibars

الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري

Kazakhstan

c. 1223 CE – 1277 (54 years old)

Fourth Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria who crushed King Louis IX at Fariskur, commanded the vanguard that defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut, and dismantled Crusader castles across the Levant.

Damascus, Syria

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

32

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Al-Zahir Baybars

الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري

Kazakhstan

c. 1223 CE – 1277 (~54 years old)

Fourth Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria, warrior-king who defeated the Seventh Crusade, crushed the Mongols at Ain Jalut, and dismantled Crusader kingdoms.

Damascus, Syria

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

38

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Muhammad I al-Mustansir

محمد المستنصر الحفصي

Tunisia

1228 – 1277 (49 years old)

Hafsid monarch who assumed the title of Caliph (Amir al-Mu'minin) in 1259 and successfully repelled the Eighth Crusade led by King Louis IX of France in 1270.

Tunis, Tunisia

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Religious Figures & Theologians

36

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Ahmad ibn Ali al-Badawi

أحمد البدوي

Morocco

c. 1199 – 1276 (77 years old)

Most venerated Sufi saint of Egypt and founder of the Ahmadiyya/Badawiyya order, celebrated for his rooftop vigils in Tanta, warrior courage against Crusaders, and immense charity.

Tanta, Egypt

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Religious Figures & Theologians

33

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Saint Bonaventure

Bonaventura da Bagnoregio

Italy

c. 1221 – 1274 (53 years old)

Revered as the 'Seraphic Doctor', Franciscan Minister General and scholastic philosopher who synthesized Augustinian mysticism with Christian philosophy in 'The Mind's Journey into God'.

Lyon, France

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Religious Figures & Theologians

32

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Bonaventure of Bagnoregio

Bonaventura

Italy

c. 1221 – 1274 (53 years old)

Franciscan Minister General, Cardinal Bishop, and Doctor of the Church whose 'The Mind's Journey to God' (Itinerarium) synthesized Augustinian theology with mystical Francisan love.

Lyon, France

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Philosophy & Thought

40

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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

نصير الدين الطوسي

Iran

18 February 1201 – 26 June 1274 (73 years old)

Persian polymath who designed the Maragheh Observatory, invented the Tusi-couple geometric model that inspired Copernicus, and authored the foundational moral treatise Akhlaq-i Nasiri.

Kadhimiya (Baghdad), Iraq

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Religious Figures & Theologians

38

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Thomas Aquinas (Doctor Angelicus)

Thomas de Aquino

Italy

c. 1225 CE – 7 March 1274 CE (~49 years old)

Foremost philosopher-theologian of scholasticism who brilliantly synthesized Aristotelian philosophy with Christian revelation. Author of the monumental Summa Theologiae and formulated the Five Ways of proving God's existence.

Fossanova Abbey, Italy

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