Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries

Hishida Shunso

菱田春草

Japan

1874 – 1911 (36 years old)

Meiji-era Japanese painter who co-founded modern Nihonga and pioneered the 'morotai' (vague/blind) technique, eliminating sharp outlines to capture atmosphere and light, painted the masterpiece Black Cat.

Tokyo, Japan

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Literature & Poetry

Petro Nino Luarasi

Albania

1859-04-22 – 1911-08-17 (52 years old)

Heroic educator, publisher, and martyr of the Albanian National Awakening who founded secret Albanian schools in Kolonjë and directed the Mësonjëtorja school in Korçë despite excommunication.

Ersekë, Albania

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Science

Florentino Ameghino

Italy

1853-09-19 – 1911-08-06 (57 years old)

Self-taught genius and pioneer of South American paleontology who discovered and classified over 6,000 fossil species of prehistoric mammals in the Pampas and Patagonia, author of La antigüedad del hombre en el Plata.

La Plata, Argentina

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Literature & Poetry

Mirza Alakbar Sabir

Mirzə Ələkbər Sabir

Azerbaijan

1862-05-30 – 1911-07-25 (49 years old)

Renowned satirical poet whose biting poetic verses published in 'Molla Nasreddin' and collected in 'Hophopname' awakened social consciousness and defended the rights of the common people.

Shamakhi, Azerbaijan

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Music

1

Johan Svendsen

Johan Severin Svendsen

Norway

1840-09-30 – 1911-06-14 (70 years old)

Master Norwegian orchestral composer and internationally celebrated conductor famed for his four Norwegian Rhapsodies and the immortal Romance for Violin and Orchestra.

Copenhagen, Denmark

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Politics

Sebele I

Sebele I a Setshele

Botswana

1842-01-01 – 1911-06-06 (69 years old)

Eloquent Kgosi of the Bakwena and son of Setshele I who traveled to London in 1895 with the Three Dikgosi, defending his nation's territorial integrity and cultural laws from corporate rule.

Molepolole, Botswana

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Arts & Music

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Gustav Mahler

Czech Republic

7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911 (50 years old)

Austro-Bohemian visionary composer and legendary conductor who declared 'a symphony must be like the world: it must embrace everything', pioneering 20th-century modernism with his nine epic symphonies and Das Lied von der Erde.

Vienna, Austria

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Sciences & Discovery

3,317

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Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff

Netherlands

1852 – 1911 (58 years old)

Inaugural winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1901) who founded modern stereochemistry, chemical kinetics, and osmotic pressure theory.

Berlin, Germany

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Humanitarian & Peace

36

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper

United States

1825 – 1911 (85 years old)

Celebrated African American abolitionist orator and poet acclaimed as the 'Mother of African American Journalism', whose bestselling poetry and 1892 novel 'Iola Leroy' championed Black freedom, temperance, and women's rights.

Collingdale (Pennsylvania), United States

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Law

1

John Mensah Sarbah

Ghana

1864-06-03 – 1910-11-27 (46 years old)

First indigenous barrister from the Gold Coast called to the English Bar, legal scholar who codified 'Fanti Customary Laws', and defender of African land ownership against the Public Lands Bill.

Cape Coast, Ghana

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Literature & Poetry

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Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy

Лев Николаевич Толстой

Russia

9 September 1828 – 20 November 1910 (82 years old)

Colossus of world literature whose epic panoramic masterworks War and Peace and Anna Karenina captured the entire canvas of human life, and whose later Christian anarchist pacifism (The Kingdom of God Is Within You) inspired Mahatma Gandhi.

Astapovo (Lipetsk Oblast), Russia

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Humanitarian & Peace

40

Resistance & Human Rights

Henry Dunant

Jean Henri Dunant

Switzerland

1828 – 1910 (82 years old)

Swiss humanitarian whose horror at the slaughter of the 1859 Battle of Solferino inspired him to found the International Committee of the Red Cross and spark the Geneva Convention, recipient of the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901.

Zurich, Switzerland

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Resistance & Human Rights

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Henri Dunant

Jean-Henri Dunant

Switzerland

8 May 1828 – 30 October 1910 (82 years old)

Henri Dunant was a Swiss humanitarian, social reformer, and author whose harrowing eyewitness experience at the Battle of Solferino in 1859 inspired him to create the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and initiate the 1864 Geneva Convention. For revolutionizing humanitarian international law and wartime civilian protections, Dunant was awarded the inaugural Nobel Peace Prize in 1901.

Heiden, Switzerland

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

Cheikh Ma El Aïnin

الشيخ ماء العينين (محمد المصطفى)

Mauritania

1831 – 1910 (79 years old)

Legendary Saharan Sufi leader, scholar, and armed resistance commander who built the fortress city of Smara in 1898 and mobilized Saharan and Mauritanian tribes in armed jihad against French colonial conquest.

Tiznit, Morocco

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Resistance & Human Rights

King Chulalongkorn

Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramintharamaha Chulalongkorn (Rama V)

Thailand

1853 – 1910 (57 years old)

Fifth monarch of Siam (1868–1910) under the Chakri Dynasty, revered as 'The Great Beloved King', who abolished human slavery, modernized government and railways, and preserved Siam's independence as the only uncolonized nation in Southeast Asia.

Bangkok, Thailand

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

Sheikh Ma al-'Aynayn

الشيخ ماء العينين القلقمي

Mauritania

1830 – 1910 (80 years old)

Saharan spiritual titan, scholar, and anti-colonial commander who founded the holy city of Smara, authored over 300 manuscripts, and united Saharan and Mauritanian tribes against French expansion.

Tiznit, Morocco

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