Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries

Religious Figures & Theologians

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Honen

法然

Heian Period

1133 – 1212 (78 years old)

Founder of Jodo-shu (Pure Land Buddhism) in Japan who democratized spirituality during the Kamakura era by teaching that exclusive recitation of the Nembutsu guarantees salvation for all.

Kyoto, Japan

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Religious Figures & Theologians

3

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Muhammad ibn Umar al-Razi

فخر الدين الرازي

🌐 Seljuk Empire

1149 – 1209 (60 years old)

Towering Persian Islamic philosopher, theologian, and polymath whose 32-volume exegesis 'Mafatih al-Ghayb' (The Great Commentary) synthesized rationalism and orthodox theology.

Herat, Afghanistan

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Sciences & Discovery

10

🕯️ 890

Ismail al-Jazari

بديع الزمان أبو العز بن إسماعيل الرزاز الجزري

Turkey

1136 CE – 1206 CE (70 years old)

Chief engineer of the Artuqid palace who invented the crankshaft, camshaft, suction pumps, programmable musical automata, and the monumental Elephant Water Clock.

Cizre (Şırnak), Turkey

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Philosophy & Thought

4

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Maimonides (Rambam)

משה בן מימון

Almoravid Empire

1138 – 1204 (66 years old)

Jewish philosopher, jurist, and physician universally revered as the Rambam, who reconciled Aristotelian philosophy with biblical revelation in The Guide for the Perplexed and codified Jewish law in the Mishneh Torah.

Tiberias, Israel

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Religious Figures & Theologians

12

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Moses ben Maimon (Maimonides / Rambam)

רמב״ם (משה בן מימון)

Spain

30 March 1138 CE – 13 December 1204 CE (66 years old)

Paramount Jewish philosopher, legal codifier, and polymath. Authored the Mishneh Torah—the first systematic codification of Jewish law—and The Guide for the Perplexed, harmonizing Torah revelation with Aristotelian rationalism.

Fustat (Cairo), Egypt

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

3

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Eleanor of Aquitaine

Aliénor d'Aquitaine

Kingdom of France

c. 1122 CE – 1204 (~82 years old)

One of the wealthiest and most powerful women of the High Middle Ages, successively Queen of France and Queen of England.

Fontevraud-l'Abbaye, Anjou, France

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Religious Figures & Theologians

4

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Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ja'far al-Khazraji al-Sebti

أبو العباس السبتي

🌐 Morroco

1129 – 1204 (75 years old)

Revered Sufi master from Ceuta who settled in Marrakech under the Almohad caliphs, formulated the famous spiritual philosophy of charity, and became the paramount patron saint among the Seven Saints of Marrakech.

Marrakech, Morocco

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Philosophy & Thought

10

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Zhu Xi

朱熹

China

18 October 1130 – 23 April 1200 (69 years old)

Preeminent thinker of Neo-Confucianism who unified the Four Books into the canonical civil examination curriculum and synthesized cosmology through Principle (Li) and Vital Energy (Qi).

Kaoting (Jianyang, Fujian), China

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Philosophy & Thought

3

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Nimbarka

निम्बार्काचार्य

India

c. 1130 – c. 1200 (70 years old)

Vaishnava philosopher-saint who founded Dvaitadvaita (Dualistic Non-Dualism) Vedanta, author of the 'Vedanta Parijata Saurabha', who established the worship of Radha and Krishna as the divine source of grace.

Salemabad (Rajasthan), India

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Religious Figures & Theologians

5

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Nimbarkacharya

निम्बार्काचार्य

India

c. 1130 – c. 1200 (70 years old)

Foundational Hindu philosopher who established the Dvaitadvaita (Dualistic Non-dualism) school of Vedanta and pioneered the joint worship of Radha and Krishna.

Salemabad, India

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

8

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Richard I of England (Richard the Lionheart / Cœur de Lion)

Richard Cœur de Lion

United Kingdom

8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199 (41 years old)

King of England and paramount chivalric commander of medieval Europe. Led the Third Crusade, capturing Acre and defeating Saladin at Arsuf and Jaffa, becoming an enduring literary archetype of knightly valor and courage.

Châlus (Limousin), France

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

3

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Minamoto no Yoritomo

源 頼朝

Heian Japan

1147 – 1199 (51 years old)

Founder and first Shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate, who defeated the Taira clan in the Genpei War and established warrior (bushi) feudal military rule in Japan for seven centuries.

Kamakura (Kanagawa), Japan

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

8

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Yaqub al-Mansur

أبو يوسف يعقوب المنصور

🌐 Morroco

1160 – 1199 (39 years old)

Almohad Caliph known as 'Al-Mansur' (The Victorious), who crushed King Alfonso VIII of Castile at the epic Battle of Alarcos in 1195 and completed the architectural masterpieces of the Koutoubia, the Giralda, and the Hassan Tower.

Tinmel (High Atlas), Morocco

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Philosophy & Thought

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Ibn Rushd (Averroës)

أبو الوليد محمد بن أحمد بن رشد

Spain

14 April 1126 – 10 December 1198 (72 years old)

Master philosopher and jurist of Islamic Spain whose profound commentaries on Aristotle and defense of rational inquiry (Fasl al-Maqal) catalyzed the European Renaissance.

Marrakech, Morocco

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Religious Figures & Theologians

3

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Abu Madyan

شعيب بن الحسين الأنصاري (سيدي بومدين)

Spain

1126 – 1198 (72 years old)

Supreme master of Maghrebi Sufism venerated as 'Shaykh al-Shuyukh', who lived in Béjaïa, fought alongside Saladin at the Siege of Jerusalem in 1187, and became the revered patron saint of Tlemcen.

El Eubbad (Tlemcen), Algeria

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Religious Figures & Theologians

4

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Basaveshwara

ಬಸವೇಶ್ವರ

Western Chalukya Empire

c. 1134 – c. 1196 (62 years old)

12th-century Kannada statesman, philosopher, and social reformer who founded the Lingayat tradition, established the Anubhava Mantapa (parliament of experience), and abolished caste distinctions.

Bagalkot, India

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

8

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Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (Sultan Saladin)

صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب

Iraq

c. 1137 CE – 4 March 1193 CE (~56 years old)

First Sultan of Egypt and Syria and founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders following the Battle of Hattin (1187) and won universal admiration in both the Muslim world and Christian Europe for his legendary chivalry, mercy, and justice.

Damascus, Syria

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Philosophy & Thought

3

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Lu Jiuyuan

陸九淵

Song Dynasty

1139 – 1193 (53 years old)

Song dynasty Neo-Confucian master 'Lu Xiangshan' who founded the School of the Heart/Mind (Xinxue), famously debating Zhu Xi at the Goose Lake Temple and declaring that 'The Mind is the Principle'.

Fuzhou (Jiangxi), China

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