Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries

Resistance & Human Rights

King Chulalongkorn

Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramintharamaha Chulalongkorn (Rama V)

Siam (Thailand)

1853 – 1910 (57 years old)

Fifth monarch of Siam (1868–1910) under the Chakri Dynasty, revered as 'The Great Beloved King', who abolished human slavery, modernized government and railways, and preserved Siam's independence as the only uncolonized nation in Southeast Asia.

Bangkok, Thailand

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

Sheikh Ma al-'Aynayn

الشيخ ماء العينين القلقمي

Mauritania

1830 – 1910 (80 years old)

Saharan spiritual titan, scholar, and anti-colonial commander who founded the holy city of Smara, authored over 300 manuscripts, and united Saharan and Mauritanian tribes against French expansion.

Tiznit, Morocco

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King Chulalongkorn (Rama V)

พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว / รัชกาลที่ ๕

Siam (Thailand)

1853 – 1910 (57 years old)

Fifth monarch of Siam's Chakri dynasty who modernized Thailand's legal and administrative systems and preserved national independence from European colonization.

Bangkok, Thailand

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William Holman Hunt

Kingdom of Great Britain

1827 – 1910 (83 years old)

Co-founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood who remained faithful to its hyper-realistic, moral principles for life, painting 'The Light of the World' and traveling to Palestine for 'The Scapegoat'.

London, United Kingdom

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Philosophy & Thought

William James

United States

1842 – 1910 (68 years old)

American philosopher and psychologist who founded American psychology with The Principles of Psychology and popularized Pragmatism, radical empiricism, and The Varieties of Religious Experience.

Cambridge (Massachusetts), United States

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Gustave Moynier

Louis Gabriel Gustave Moynier

Switzerland

21 September 1826 – 21 August 1910 (83 years old)

Gustave Moynier was a Swiss jurist and humanitarian who co-founded the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) alongside Henri Dunant in 1863. Serving as ICRC President for forty-seven years (1863–1910), he drafted the first Geneva Convention and pioneered international humanitarian law, being the first person in history to propose a permanent international criminal court in 1872.

Geneva, Switzerland

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Florence Nightingale

Italy

12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910 (90 years old)

Florence Nightingale was a British social reformer, statistician, and the foundational philosopher of modern professional nursing. Gaining worldwide renown as 'The Lady with the Lamp' during the Crimean War for her nightly rounds tending wounded soldiers at Scutari hospital, she pioneered epidemiological data visualization and established the world's first secular nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital.

East Wellow, Hampshire, United Kingdom

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Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi

Архип Иванович Куинджи

Russian Empire

1841 – 1910 (69 years old)

Pontic Greek-Russian landscape painter whose breathtaking optical effects of glowing moonlight in 'Moonlit Night on the Dnieper' caused spectators to weep in darkened exhibition rooms.

Saint Petersburg, Russia

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Elizabeth Blackwell

United Kingdom

1821 – 1910 (89 years old)

Première femme diplômée en médecine aux États-Unis (1849) et première femme inscrite à l'Ordre des médecins au Royaume-Uni, pionnière de la santé pour les femmes démunies.

Kilmun, Argyll and Bute, United Kingdom

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Mily Balakirev

Mily Alexeyevich Balakirev

Russian Empire

1837 – 1910 (73 years old)

Russian composer, pianist, and conductor who formed and led 'The Five' (Mighty Handful), inspiring Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, and Borodin, and composing the virtuosic 'Islamey'.

Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire

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Sciences & Discovery

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Robert Koch

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch

Kingdom of Hanover (Germany)

1843 – 1910 (66 years old)

Founder of modern bacteriology who identified the causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax, formulating Koch's postulates.

Berlin, Germany

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Henri-Edmond Delacroix

Henri-Edmond Cross

France

1856 – 1910 (53 years old)

French Neo-Impressionist master whose mosaic-like blocks of vibrant Mediterranean color in Saint-Clair bridged Pointillism and the birth of Fauvism.

Le Lavandou, France

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Resistance & Human Rights

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Vrubel

Михаил Александрович Врубель

Russian Empire

1856 – 1910 (54 years old)

Genius of Russian Symbolism and Art Nouveau whose fractured, crystalline brushwork and haunting series of 'The Demon' anticipated Cubism and modernism.

Saint Petersburg, Russia

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Literature & Poetry

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Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain)

United States

30 November 1835 – 21 April 1910 (74 years old)

America's greatest humorist and storyteller dubbed by Ernest Hemingway the source of 'all modern American literature', whose Adventures of Huckleberry Finn used vernacular dialect and moral irony to deliver a devastating critique of racism.

Redding (Connecticut), United States

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Statesmanship & Statesmen

Red Cloud

Mahpiya Luta

United States

1822 – 1909 (87 years old)

Renowned Oglala Lakota leader who defeated the United States Army in Red Cloud's War, forcing the abandonment of forts along the Bozeman Trail.

Pine Ridge, United States

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Itō Hirobumi

伊藤博文

Edo Period Japan

1841 – 1909 (68 years old)

First Prime Minister of Japan, father of the Meiji Constitution of 1889, and genrō elder statesman who transformed feudal Japan into a modern constitutional great power.

Shinagawa (Tokyo), Japan

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