Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries

Statesmanship & Statesmen

10

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Jean Jaurès

Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès

France

1859-09-03 – 1914-07-31 (54 years old)

Greatest moral tribune of the French left, who harmonized democratic republican values with democratic socialism and anti-militarism.

Paris, France

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Humanitarian & Peace

3

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Charlotte Forten Grimke

Charlotte Louise Bridges Forten Grimke

United States

1837 – 1914 (76 years old)

Pioneering African American abolitionist, poet, and diarist who traveled to the Sea Islands of South Carolina during the Civil War to educate liberated enslaved families in the historic Port Royal Experiment.

Suitland (Maryland), United States

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Resistance & Human Rights

10

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Bertha von Suttner

Bertha Sophia Felicita Freifrau von Suttner

Czech Republic

9 June 1843 – 21 June 1914 (71 years old)

Austrian-Bohemian pacifist and novelist who wrote the epochal anti-war bestseller Lay Down Your Arms! (1889), inspired Alfred Nobel to create the Nobel Peace Prize, and in 1905 became the first woman to win it.

Vienna, Austria

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Philosophy & Thought

4

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Charles Sanders Peirce

Charles Sanders Peirce

United States

1839 – 1914 (74 years old)

American philosopher, logician, and scientist celebrated as the father of pragmatism and modern semiotics, who introduced abduction (inference to the best explanation).

Milford (Pennsylvania), United States

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Resistance & Human Rights

11

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Hubertine Auclert

Marie Anne Hubertine Auclert

France

10 April 1848 – 4 April 1914 (65 years old)

French feminist pioneer and journalist who popularized the word 'feminism', founded the journal La Citoyenne, and waged militant campaigns of tax resistance and civil disobedience for women's voting rights.

Paris, France

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Humanitarian & Peace

5

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Charles Albert Gobat

Charles Albert Gobat

Switzerland

21 May 1843 – 16 March 1914 (70 years old)

Charles Albert Gobat was a Swiss lawyer, statesman, and educator who served as administrator of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and later directed the International Peace Bureau. Jointly awarded the 1902 Nobel Peace Prize with Élie Ducommun, Gobat passed away while addressing a peace conference in Bern on the eve of World War I.

Bern, Switzerland

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

13

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Menelik II (Emperor of Ethiopia / Victor of Adwa)

ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ (Dagmawi Menelik)

Ethiopia

17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913 (69 years old)

Emperor of Ethiopia who decisively defeated the invading Italian colonial army at the historic Battle of Adwa on March 1, 1896, preserving Ethiopia as the only uncolonized sovereign nation in Africa. Founded the capital Addis Ababa.

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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Sciences & Discovery

1,659

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Alfred Russel Wallace

Alfred Russel Wallace

United Kingdom

1823 – 1913 (90 years old)

British naturalist and explorer who independently conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection and founded biogeography.

Broadstone, Dorset, United Kingdom

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Humanitarian & Peace

5

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Tobias Michael Carel Asser

Tobias Michael Carel Asser

Netherlands

28 April 1838 – 29 July 1913 (75 years old)

Tobias Asser was an eminent Dutch jurist who pioneered the international codification of private international law. He initiated and presided over the Hague Conferences on Private International Law (1893–1904), co-founded the Institut de Droit International, and helped create the Hague Academy of International Law, receiving the 1911 Nobel Peace Prize.

The Hague, Netherlands

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Resistance & Human Rights

7

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Harriet Tubman

Araminta Ross (Harriet Tubman)

United States

c. March 1822 – 10 March 1913 (~91 years old)

Iconic American abolitionist and political activist who escaped slavery and subsequently made roughly 13 missions to rescue approximately 70 enslaved people using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad.

Auburn, New York, United States

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Statesmanship & Statesmen

3

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Francisco I. Madero

Francisco Ignacio Madero Gonzalez

Mexico

1873 – 1913 (39 years old)

Mexican revolutionary leader and democratic President (1911–1913) known as the 'Apostle of Democracy', whose 1910 Plan of San Luis Potosi ignited the Mexican Revolution and overthrew the thirty-four-year dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz.

Mexico City, Mexico

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Humanitarian & Peace

5

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Auguste Marie François Beernaert

Auguste Marie François Beernaert

Belgium

26 July 2014 – 6 October 1912 (83 years old)

Auguste Beernaert was a Belgian statesman who served as Prime Minister of Belgium from 1884 to 1894. A champion of international law, he represented Belgium at the 1899 and 1907 Hague Peace Conferences, presided over the Inter-Parliamentary Union, and promoted social legislation and Congo reform, sharing the 1909 Nobel Peace Prize with Paul-Henri d'Estournelles de Constant.

Watermael-Boitsfort, Brussels, Belgium

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Humanitarian & Peace

5

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Louisa Twining

Louisa Twining

Great Britain

1820 – 1912 (91 years old)

Réformatrice sociale victorienne, fondatrice de la Workhouse Visiting Society, qui consacra cinquante ans à humaniser les hospices de pauvres et à professionnaliser les soins aux vieillards indigents.

London, United Kingdom

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Humanitarian & Peace

6

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William Booth

William Booth

United Kingdom

1829 – 1912 (83 years old)

Prédicateur britannique, fondateur et premier Général de l'Armée du Salut en 1865, alliant secours social concret (nourriture, abri, réinsertion) et rédemption spirituelle.

Stoke Newington, London, United Kingdom

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Humanitarian & Peace

3

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Octavia Hill

Octavia Hill

United Kingdom

1838 – 1912 (73 years old)

Pioneering British social reformer who founded modern social housing management in London's slums, championed urban public green spaces, and co-founded the National Trust in 1895 to preserve open lands for all citizens.

Crockham Hill (Kent), United Kingdom

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

5

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Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito)

明治天皇 / 睦仁

Japan

1852 – 1912 (59 years old)

122nd Emperor of Japan whose transformative reign spearheaded the Meiji Restoration, industrializing Japan into a modern global world power.

Kyoto, Japan

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Sciences & Discovery

1,527

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Henri Poincaré

Jules Henri Poincaré

French Empire (France)

1854 – 1912 (58 years old)

French polymath and 'Last Universalist' who founded algebraic topology, discovered deterministic chaos, and formulated the Poincaré conjecture.

Paris, France

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Arts & Music

3

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Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema

Lourens Alma Tadema

Kingdom of the Netherlands

1836 – 1912 (76 years old)

Dutch-born British Victorian painter whose dazzlingly realistic depictions of gleaming Roman white marble, azure Mediterranean seas, and 'The Roses of Heliogabalus' defined classical luxury.

London, United Kingdom

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