Historical Archives & Public Figures

Μιθριδάτης Εὐπάτωρ Διονύσιος

Turkey

c. 135 BCE – c. 63 BCE (~72 years old)

King of Pontus and northern Anatolia who waged three legendary Mithridatic Wars, Rome's most formidable rival of the late Republic.

Amasya, Turkey

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Taharqa

t-h-r-q (Nefertemkhure Taharqa)

Sudan

c. 720 BCE – c. 664 BCE (~56 years old)

Greatest Pharaoh of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt who presided over a renaissance of arts and defended the Levant against Assyria.

Nuri (Near Karima), Sudan

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Piye (Piankhi)

pꜣ-ꜥnḫ-j (Piye / Usermaatre)

Sudan

c. 770 BCE – c. 714 BCE (~56 years old)

Kushite monarch who conquered Egypt, founding the Twenty-Fifth 'Black Pharaohs' Dynasty and reviving pyramid building.

Napata (Near Karima), Sudan

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Nefertiti (Neferneferuaten Nefertiti)

nfr.t-jy.tj (The Beautiful One Has Come)

Egypt

c. 1370 BCE – c. 1330 BCE (~40 years old)

Queen of the Eighteenth Dynasty and Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten, iconic symbol of feminine majesty and power in antiquity.

Amarna, Minya, Egypt

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Amenhotep III (The Magnificent)

Nebmaatre Amenhotep

Egypt

c. 1403 BCE – c. 1353 BCE (~50 years old)

Ninth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty whose nearly four-decade reign was the artistic and economic zenith of ancient Egypt.

Thebes (Luxor), Egypt

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Sneferu (Snofru)

snfr-wj (He of Beauty)

Egypt

c. 2630 BCE – c. 2589 BCE (~41 years old)

Founding Pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty who perfected pyramid engineering, constructing the Meidum, Bent, and Red Pyramids.

Dahshur, Giza, Egypt

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Djoser (Netjerikhet)

ḏsr (Netjerikhet)

Egypt

c. 2690 BCE – c. 2611 BCE (~79 years old)

Pharaoh of the Third Dynasty of Egypt who commissioned the Step Pyramid of Saqqara, the world's first monumental stone building.

Saqqara, Giza, Egypt

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Xerxes I (Xerxes the Great)

𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 (Xšayarša)

Iran

c. 519 BCE – c. 465 BCE (~54 years old)

Fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire who launched the massive Second Persian Invasion of Greece and built the Gate of All Nations.

Fars Province, Iran

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Darius I (Darius the Great)

𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 (Dārayava(h)uš)

Iran

c. 550 BCE – c. 486 BCE (~64 years old)

Third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire who built Persepolis, the Royal Road, and codified imperial administrative satrapies.

Fars Province, Iran

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Nebuchadnezzar II

𒀭𒀝𒆪𒁺𒌨𒊑𒋀 (Nabû-kudurri-uṣur)

Iraq

c. 642 BCE – c. 562 BCE (~80 years old)

Longest-reigning king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, renowned for the Ishtar Gate, the Hanging Gardens, and the Babylonian Exile.

Hillah (Ancient Babylon), Iraq

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Military Leaders & Strategists

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Xiang Yu (Hegemon-King of Western Chu)

項羽 / 項籍

China

232 BCE – 202 BCE (~30 years old)

Fearsome Chu warlord who broke the Qin Empire at the Battle of Julu, proclaimed himself Hegemon-King of Western Chu, and fought Liu Bang.

Hexian (Ma'anshan), China

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Han Xin (Marquis of Huaiyin)

韓信

China

c. 231 BCE – 196 BCE (~35 years old)

Brilliant supreme commander of Liu Bang who conquered the rival states of China, trapped Xiang Yu at Gaixia, and established the Han Dynasty.

Huai'an, China

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Bai Qi (The Human Butcher)

白起

China

c. 332 BCE – 257 BCE (~75 years old)

Undefeated supreme general of the State of Qin during the Warring States period who captured Chu's capital and annihilated Zhao at the Battle of Changping.

Xianyang, China

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Sun Bin (Military Strategist)

孫臏

China

c. 380 BCE – c. 316 BCE (~64 years old)

Descendant of Sun Tzu and chief military strategist of the State of Qi whose tactical brilliance devised 'Besiege Wei to Rescue Zhao' and won the Battle of Maling.

Juancheng (Heze), China

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Titus Quinctius Flamininus

Italy

c. 229 BCE – 174 BCE (~55 years old)

Roman general and statesman who defeated Philip V of Macedon at Cynoscephalae and proclaimed the 'Freedom of the Greeks' at the Isthmian Games.

Rome, Italy

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Marcus Furius Camillus

Italy

c. 446 BCE – 365 BCE (~81 years old)

Roman soldier and statesman honored as the 'Second Founder of Rome' who captured Veii, drove Brennus's Gauls from the sacked city, and reorganized the legions.

Rome, Italy

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