Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries

Statesmanship & Statesmen

38

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Itō Hirobumi

伊藤 博文

Japan

1841 – 1909 (68 years old)

First Prime Minister of Japan, father of the Meiji Constitution of 1889, and genrō elder statesman who transformed feudal Japan into a modern constitutional great power.

Shinagawa (Tokyo), Japan

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Politics

4

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Jilali ibn Idris al-Zarhouni al-Youssefi

الجيلالي بن إدريس الزرهوني بوحمارة

Morocco

c. 1862 – 1909 (47 years old)

Ingenious military technician and royal secretary who claimed to be Prince Moulay Mohammed, maintaining an independent rebel kingdom in eastern Morocco (Taza and Selouane) for seven years (1902–1909).

Fez, Morocco

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Humanitarian & Peace

38

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Saint Mary Helen MacKillop

Mary MacKillop

Australia

1842 – 1909 (67 years old)

Première sainte d'Australie, fondatrice des Sœurs de Saint-Joseph du Sacré-Cœur, ouvrant des écoles gratuites et des orphelinats dans tout le bush australien.

North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Literature & Poetry

38

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John Millington Synge

Edmund John Millington Synge

Ireland

1871 – 1909 (37 years old)

Visionary Irish dramatist and co-founder of the Abbey Theatre whose The Playboy of the Western World ignited riots and captured rural Hiberno-English lyricism.

Dublin, Ireland

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Resistance & Human Rights

38

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Geronimo

Goyaałé

Mexico

16 June 1829 – 17 February 1909 (79 years old)

Fierce Bedonkohe Apache medicine man and military leader who led decades of guerrilla resistance against Mexican and United States armies across the desert southwest to defend traditional Apache homeland and freedom.

Fort Sill, Oklahoma, United States

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Sciences & Discovery

35

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Hermann Minkowski

Hermann Minkowski

Russia

1864 – 1909 (44 years old)

German mathematician who created the geometry of numbers and developed the four-dimensional spacetime continuum (Minkowski space), providing the geometric framework for Einstein's special and general relativity.

Gottingen, Germany

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Religious Figures & Theologians

44

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John of Kronstadt

Иоанн Кронштадтский

Russia

1829 – 1909 (79 years old)

Russian Orthodox archpriest and pastoral miracle-worker whose daily Eucharistic liturgies, profound diary 'My Life in Christ', and immense charities transformed naval Kronstadt.

Saint Petersburg, Russia

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

46

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Empress Dowager Cixi

慈禧太后

China

1835 – 1908 (72 years old)

Formidable Manchu noblewoman who effectively controlled the late Qing imperial government for 47 years through court regencies, modernizing reforms, and political crises.

Zunhua, China

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Resistance & Human Rights

30

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Cheikh Bouamama

الشيخ بوعمامة

Algeria

c. 1840 – 1908 (68 years old)

Algerian Sufi leader of the Ouled Sidi Cheikh who waged a formidable quarter-century guerrilla resistance (1881–1908) across the High Plateaus and Saharan Atlas against French colonial armies.

El Aioun Sidi Mellouk, Morocco

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Literature & Poetry

34

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Machado de Assis

Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis

Brazil

1839 – 1908 (69 years old)

Patriarch of Brazilian literature and founding President of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, famed for The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas and Dom Casmurro.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Sciences & Discovery

3,297

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Henri Becquerel

Antoine Henri Becquerel

France

1852 – 1908 (55 years old)

French physicist who discovered spontaneous radioactivity, earning the 1903 Nobel Prize with the Curies.

Le Croisic, Loire-Atlantique, France

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Resistance & Human Rights

34

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Khudiram Bose

ক্ষুদিরাম বসু

India

1889 – 1908 (18 years old)

One of the youngest Indian revolutionary martyrs, executed at age 18 for his role in the Muzaffarpur conspiracy against British colonial magistrate Kingsford.

Muzaffarpur, India

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Humanitarian & Peace

33

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Sir William Randal Cremer

William Randal Cremer

Great Britain

18 March 1828 – 22 July 1908 (80 years old)

Sir William Randal Cremer was a British carpenter, trade union leader, and Member of Parliament who rose from childhood poverty to become the foremost working-class pioneer of international arbitration. He founded the International Arbitration League, co-founded the Inter-Parliamentary Union with Frédéric Passy, and was awarded the 1903 Nobel Peace Prize, donating his entire prize money to the arbitration movement.

London, United Kingdom

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Literature & Poetry

3

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Jonas Lie

Jonas Lauritz Idemil Lie

Norway

1833-11-06 – 1908-07-05 (74 years old)

Eminent Norwegian novelist known as 'the novelist of the home' and one of 'The Four Greats', celebrated for works like The Visionary and The Family at Gilje.

Stavern, Norway

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Arts & Music

1,328

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Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

Николай Андреевич Римский-Корсаков

Russia

1844 – 1908 (64 years old)

Russian master of orchestral color and folklore, renowned for Scheherazade, Capriccio Espagnol, and Flight of the Bumblebee.

Saint Petersburg, Russia

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Politics

5

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M'hammed Djellouli

محمد الجلولي

Tunisia

1834 AD – 1908 (74 years old)

Distinguished statesman from the notable Sfax patrician house of Djellouli, who served as Minister of Justice and Grand Vizier, championing educational modernization and public administration reform.

Tunis, Tunisia

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Sculpture

2

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Jef Lambeaux

Jozef Marie Thomas Lambeaux

Belgium

1852 – 1908 (56 years old)

Dynamic Flemish Neo-Baroque sculptor whose colossal Brabo Fountain in Antwerp's Grote Markt and monumental marble relief Temple of Human Passions in the Cinquantenaire are landmarks of Belgian sculpture.

Brussels, Belgium

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Politics

1

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King Toffa

Toffa I of Porto-Novo

Benin

1850-01-01 – 1908-05-23 (58 years old)

King of Porto-Novo (Hogbonu) who reigned for 34 years, navigating complex territorial rivalries with the Kingdom of Dahomey through shrewd diplomatic alliances.

Porto-Novo, Benin

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