Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries

Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Amenhotep III (The Magnificent)

Nebmaatre Amenhotep

Egypt

c. 1403 BCE – c. 1353 BCE (~50 years old)

Ninth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty whose nearly four-decade reign was the artistic and economic zenith of ancient Egypt.

Thebes (Luxor), Egypt

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

41

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Sneferu (Snofru)

snfr-wj (He of Beauty)

Egypt

c. 2630 BCE – c. 2589 BCE (~41 years old)

Founding Pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty who perfected pyramid engineering, constructing the Meidum, Bent, and Red Pyramids.

Dahshur, Giza, Egypt

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Djoser (Netjerikhet)

ḏsr (Netjerikhet)

Egypt

c. 2690 BCE – c. 2611 BCE (~79 years old)

Pharaoh of the Third Dynasty of Egypt who commissioned the Step Pyramid of Saqqara, the world's first monumental stone building.

Saqqara, Giza, Egypt

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Xerxes I (Xerxes the Great)

𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 (Xšayarša)

Iran

c. 519 BCE – c. 465 BCE (~54 years old)

Fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire who launched the massive Second Persian Invasion of Greece and built the Gate of All Nations.

Fars Province, Iran

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Darius I (Darius the Great)

𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 (Dārayava(h)uš)

Iran

c. 550 BCE – c. 486 BCE (~64 years old)

Third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire who built Persepolis, the Royal Road, and codified imperial administrative satrapies.

Fars Province, Iran

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Monarchs, Kings & Royalty

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Nebuchadnezzar II

𒀭𒀝𒆪𒁺𒌨𒊑𒋀 (Nabû-kudurri-uṣur)

Iraq

c. 642 BCE – c. 562 BCE (~80 years old)

Longest-reigning king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, renowned for the Ishtar Gate, the Hanging Gardens, and the Babylonian Exile.

Hillah (Ancient Babylon), Iraq

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Military Leaders & Strategists

42

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Xiang Yu (Hegemon-King of Western Chu)

項羽 / 項籍

China

232 BCE – 202 BCE (~30 years old)

Fearsome Chu warlord who broke the Qin Empire at the Battle of Julu, proclaimed himself Hegemon-King of Western Chu, and fought Liu Bang.

Hexian (Ma'anshan), China

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Military Leaders & Strategists

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Han Xin (Marquis of Huaiyin)

韓信

China

c. 231 BCE – 196 BCE (~35 years old)

Brilliant supreme commander of Liu Bang who conquered the rival states of China, trapped Xiang Yu at Gaixia, and established the Han Dynasty.

Huai'an, China

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Military Leaders & Strategists

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Bai Qi (The Human Butcher)

白起

China

c. 332 BCE – 257 BCE (~75 years old)

Undefeated supreme general of the State of Qin during the Warring States period who captured Chu's capital and annihilated Zhao at the Battle of Changping.

Xianyang, China

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Military Leaders & Strategists

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Sun Bin (Military Strategist)

孫臏

China

c. 380 BCE – c. 316 BCE (~64 years old)

Descendant of Sun Tzu and chief military strategist of the State of Qi whose tactical brilliance devised 'Besiege Wei to Rescue Zhao' and won the Battle of Maling.

Juancheng (Heze), China

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Military Leaders & Strategists

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Titus Quinctius Flamininus

Titus Quinctius Flamininus

Italy

c. 229 BCE – 174 BCE (~55 years old)

Roman general and statesman who defeated Philip V of Macedon at Cynoscephalae and proclaimed the 'Freedom of the Greeks' at the Isthmian Games.

Rome, Italy

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Military Leaders & Strategists

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Marcus Furius Camillus

Marcus Furius Camillus

Italy

c. 446 BCE – 365 BCE (~81 years old)

Roman soldier and statesman honored as the 'Second Founder of Rome' who captured Veii, drove Brennus's Gauls from the sacked city, and reorganized the legions.

Rome, Italy

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Military Leaders & Strategists

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Lucius Licinius Lucullus

Lucius Licinius Lucullus

Italy

118 BCE – 56 BCE (~62 years old)

Brilliant Roman general and conqueror of the eastern kingdoms in the Third Mithridatic War, celebrated for his tactical genius and opulent luxury.

Tusculum, Italy

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Military Leaders & Strategists

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Scipio Aemilianus (Scipio Africanus the Younger)

Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus

Italy

185 BCE – 129 BCE (~56 years old)

Roman consul and general who commanded the final siege and destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic War and subdued Numantia in Hispania.

Rome, Italy

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Military Leaders & Strategists

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Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus

Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator

Italy

c. 280 BCE – 203 BCE (~77 years old)

Roman statesman and dictator known as 'The Delayer' (Cunctator) whose strategy of attrition saved the Roman Republic from destruction by Hannibal.

Rome, Italy

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Military Leaders & Strategists

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Marcus Claudius Marcellus

Marcus Claudius Marcellus

Italy

c. 268 BCE – 208 BCE (~60 years old)

Five-time Roman consul celebrated as 'The Sword of Rome' who won the Spolia Opima, captured Syracuse after overcoming Archimedes' war engines, and fought Hannibal.

Rome, Italy

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Military Leaders & Strategists

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Brasidas of Sparta

Βρασίδας

Greece

c. 460 BCE – 422 BCE (~38 years old)

Legendary Spartan general whose daring Northern Thracian campaign, oratorical brilliance, and victory at Amphipolis compelled the Peace of Nicias.

Amphipolis, Greece

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Military Leaders & Strategists

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Lysander of Sparta

Λύσανδρος

Greece

c. 454 BCE – 395 BCE (~59 years old)

Spartan admiral (nauarchos) and master strategist who won the Battle of Aegospotami, forced the surrender of Athens, and ended the Peloponnesian War.

Panopeus, Greece

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