Historical Archives & Public Figures

Дмитрий Иосифович Ивановский

Russian Empire (Russia)

1864 – 1920 (55 years old)

Russian botanist and microbiologist who discovered viruses in 1892 through his research on tobacco mosaic disease.

Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast, Russia

4,446 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

8

🕯️ 998

Srinivasa Ramanujan

ஸ்ரீனிவாஸ ராமானுஜன்

India

22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920 (32 years old)

Prodigious Indian mathematician whose notebooks of nearly 3,900 intuitive identities, modular forms, mock theta functions, and partition formulas transformed modern number theory.

Kumbakonam (Madras Presidency), India

8 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

3,998

🕯️ 54

Kanehiro Takaki

高木兼寛

Japan

1849 – 1920 (70 years old)

Japanese naval surgeon general who eradicated beriberi in the Imperial Navy through nutritional reform, anticipating the discovery of vitamins.

Minato, Tokyo, Japan

3,998 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

4,650

🕯️ 101

William Osler

Sir William Osler, 1st Baronet

Canada

1849 – 1919 (70 years old)

Canadian physician celebrated as the 'father of modern medicine' who created the medical residency system and bedside clinical training.

Montreal, Quebec, Canada

4,650 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

2,188

🕯️ 39

Georg Cantor

Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Russian Empire (Russia)

1845 – 1918 (72 years old)

German mathematician who created set theory, transfinite arithmetic, and discovered that infinities come in different sizes.

Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

2,188 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

1

🕯️ 0

Marian Smoluchowski

Austria-Hungary

1872 – 1917 (45 years old)

Polish theoretical physicist who independently explained Brownian motion simultaneously with Albert Einstein and developed the kinetic theory of colloidal coagulation.

Cracow, Poland

1 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

1

🕯️ 0

Ilya Mechnikov

Илья Ильич Мечников

Russian Empire

1845 – 1916 (71 years old)

Russian zoologist and microbiologist who discovered phagocytosis, establishing cellular innate immunity and earning the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine alongside Paul Ehrlich.

Paris, France

1 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

2,672

🕯️ 49

Ernst Mach

Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach

Czech Republic

1838 – 1916 (78 years old)

Austrian physicist and philosopher who pioneered supersonic shockwave aerodynamics and influenced Einstein's relativity.

Munich, Bavaria, Germany

2,672 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

2

🕯️ 0

Richard Dedekind

Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind

Duchy of Brunswick

1831 – 1916 (84 years old)

German mathematician who established the rigorous foundation of real numbers using Dedekind cuts and pioneered modern abstract algebra through ideals and ring theory.

Braunschweig, Germany

2 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

4,159

🕯️ 25

Paul Ehrlich

Kingdom of Prussia (Poland)

1854 – 1915 (61 years old)

Pioneering German medical scientist who founded chemotherapy, discovered Salvarsan for syphilis, and formulated the side-chain theory of immunity.

Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany

4,159 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

1,658

🕯️ 112

Alfred Russel Wallace

United Kingdom

1823 – 1913 (90 years old)

British naturalist and explorer who independently conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection and founded biogeography.

Broadstone, Dorset, United Kingdom

1,658 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

1,524

🕯️ 170

Henri Poincaré

Jules Henri Poincaré

French Empire (France)

1854 – 1912 (58 years old)

French polymath and 'Last Universalist' who founded algebraic topology, discovered deterministic chaos, and formulated the Poincaré conjecture.

Paris, France

1,524 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

3,060

🕯️ 65

Joseph Lister

Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister

United Kingdom

1827 – 1912 (84 years old)

British surgeon celebrated as the 'father of modern antiseptic surgery' who used carbolic acid to eradicate surgical infections.

London, United Kingdom

3,060 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

3,290

🕯️ 60

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff

Netherlands

1852 – 1911 (58 years old)

Inaugural winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1901) who founded modern stereochemistry, chemical kinetics, and osmotic pressure theory.

Berlin, Germany

3,290 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

4,278

🕯️ 162

Robert Koch

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch

Kingdom of Hanover (Germany)

1843 – 1910 (66 years old)

Founder of modern bacteriology who identified the causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax, formulating Koch's postulates.

Berlin, Germany

4,278 Full Record →

Sciences & Discovery

1

🕯️ 0

Hermann Minkowski

Russian Empire

1864 – 1909 (44 years old)

German mathematician who created the geometry of numbers and developed the four-dimensional spacetime continuum (Minkowski space), providing the geometric framework for Einstein's special and general relativity.

Gottingen, Germany

1 Full Record →