Historical Archives & Public Figures

Gilles Deleuze

France

1925 – 1995 (70 years old)

French post-structuralist philosopher who transformed metaphysics in Difference and Repetition and co-authored Capitalism and Schizophrenia (Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus) with Felix Guattari.

Saint-Leonard-de-Noblat (Haute-Vienne), France

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Philosophy & Thought

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Karl Popper

Karl Raimund Popper

Austria-Hungary

1902 – 1994 (92 years old)

Austrian-British philosopher who revolutionized the philosophy of science with the criterion of falsifiability in The Logic of Scientific Discovery and defended democracy in The Open Society and Its Enemies.

Vienna, Austria

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Philosophy & Thought

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Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre

France

21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980 (74 years old)

Foremost figure of 20th-century French existentialism whose Being and Nothingness proclaimed that 'existence precedes essence' and that human beings are radical agents condemned to be free.

Paris, France

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Philosophy & Thought

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Martin Heidegger

German Empire

1889 – 1976 (86 years old)

German philosopher whose 1927 masterwork Being and Time revolutionized modern existentialism, hermeneutics, and continental philosophy by re-opening the question of Being (Seinsfrage).

Messkirch (Baden-Wurttemberg), Germany

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Philosophy & Thought

10

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Hannah Arendt

Johanna Arendt

Germany

14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975 (69 years old)

German-American political philosopher whose monumental works analyzed the mechanics of modern totalitarianism, the vita activa of citizenship, and the banality of evil.

New York City, United States

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Philosophy & Thought

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Malek Bennabi

مالك بن نبي

Algeria

1905 – 1973 (68 years old)

Visionary Algerian philosopher of history and civilizational renewal who formulated the groundbreaking concept of 'colonizability' (colonisabilité) and authored 'The Conditions of Renaissance'.

Algiers, Algeria

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Philosophy & Thought

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Max Horkheimer

German Empire

1895 – 1973 (78 years old)

German philosopher and sociologist who directed the Institute for Social Research (Frankfurt School), formulated Critical Theory, and co-authored Dialectic of Enlightenment with Theodor Adorno.

Bern, Switzerland

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Philosophy & Thought

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Bertrand Russell (3rd Earl Russell)

Bertrand Arthur William Russell

United Kingdom

18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970 (97 years old)

British polymath, logician, and Nobel laureate who co-authored Principia Mathematica, founded analytic philosophy, and campaigned courageously for nuclear disarmament.

Penrhyndeudraeth (Gwynedd), United Kingdom

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Philosophy & Thought

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Theodor Adorno

Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund-Adorno

German Empire

1903 – 1969 (65 years old)

German philosopher, sociologist, and music theorist of the Frankfurt School who co-authored Dialectic of Enlightenment and Minima Moralia, declaring that to write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric.

Frankfurt am Main, Germany

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Philosophy & Thought

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Martin Buber

מרטיን בובר

Austria-Hungary

1878 – 1965 (87 years old)

Jewish-Austrian philosopher whose 1923 existential masterpiece I and Thou founded dialogical personalism, contrasting authentic human communion (I-Thou) with utilitarian objectification (I-It).

Jerusalem, Israel

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Philosophy & Thought

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Frantz Omar Fanon

Frantz Fanon

Martinique

1925 – 1961 (36 years old)

Profound Martinican-born psychiatrist, philosopher, and revolutionary whose diagnostic critiques of colonialism, racism, and mental liberation in Peau noire, masques blancs and Les Damnés de la terre reshaped global liberation movements.

Bethesda, United States

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Philosophy & Thought

1

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Edith Stein (Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross)

German Empire

1891 – 1942 (50 years old)

German-Jewish philosopher and phenomenologist who was Edmund Husserl's assistant, authored On the Problem of Empathy, converted to Catholicism, and was murdered at Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Oswiecim, Poland

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Henri Bergson

Henri-Louis Bergson

French Second Empire

1859 – 1941 (81 years old)

French philosopher of intuition and process who won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature, world-famous for Time and Free Will, Creative Evolution, and his concept of living duration (la duree).

Mormant (Seine-et-Marne), France

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Public Figures & Cultural Luminaries