Varahamihira

Varahamihira (505–587 CE) was an intellectual luminary of Ujjain, celebrated as one of the legendary 'Nine Jewels' of classical Indian culture. His masterwork, the Panchasiddhantika, preserved five older schools of Hindu, Greek, and Egyptian astronomy that would otherwise have been lost to history.

His encyclopedic Brihat Samhita encompassed earthquake geology, cloud formations, ground water detection (hydrology), botanical grafting, and perfumes. In mathematics, he discovered trigonometric identities such as $sin^2 x + cos^2 x = 1$ and formulated early Pascal-triangle combinations centuries before Europe.