Decimus Junius Juvenalis

Decimus Junius Juvenalis (c. 55–c. 138 CE), known in English as Juvenal, was a Roman satirical poet active during the late first and early second centuries CE. Writing in hexameter verse under the emperors Trajan and Hadrian, Juvenal directed fierce indignation toward the moral decay, social pretensions, and rampant greed of imperial Rome.

His sixteen surviving Satires gave rise to the term 'Juvenalian satire'—a savage, contemptuous form of social commentary distinct from the genial irony of Horace. Juvenal coined some of antiquity's most enduring cultural phrases, including panem et circenses ('bread and circuses'), mens sana in corpore sano ('a sound mind in a sound body'), and quis custodiet ipsos custodes? ('who will guard the guards themselves?').