Jean-Martin Charcot

Appointed physician at the Salpêtrière in 1862, Charcot utilized his anatomo-clinical method to dissect the nervous system. Over three decades, he identified amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS / Charcot's disease), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Charcot joints, and described the triad of multiple sclerosis.

In 1882, the French government created the world's first chair of clinical neurology for him. His famous Tuesday clinical lectures demonstrating hysteria and hypnosis drew physicians from across the globe, including young Sigmund Freud, who translated Charcot's works into German and hung his portrait in his study.