Chief Shingwauk

Shingwaukonse ("Little Pine"), known as Chief Shingwauk, fought alongside British forces under Isaac Brock at Detroit and Michilimackinac during the War of 1812. Recognized as head chief of the Garden River Ojibwe near Sault Ste. Marie, Shingwauk was both a traditional Midewiwin medicine leader and a brilliant political strategist.

In 1849, outraged that mining corporations were plundering native copper lands without treaty or compensation, Shingwauk led armed warriors in bloodlessly seizing the Mica Bay mine on Lake Superior. This forced the colonial government to negotiate the landmark 1850 Robinson-Huron and Robinson-Superior Treaties, which introduced the modern treaty annuity system.